Prediction of Success and Failure of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy


Authors: T. Krejčí 1,2;  M. Mrůzek 1;  Z. Večeřa 1,2;  O. Krejčí 1;  M. Chlachula 1;  R. Lipina 1,2
Authors‘ workplace: Neurochirurgická klinika LF OU a FN Ostrava 1;  LF OU v Ostravě 2
Published in: Cesk Slov Neurol N 2015; 78/111(4): 413-422
Category: Review Article

Overview

At present, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is regarded as the method of the first choice in the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus. ETV is indicated in patients with obstruction in the ventricular system distally from the aqueduct; some authors had also used the method in patients with other types of hydrocephalus. The method is successful in about 2/3 of patients and its success depends on numerous factors. In our report, we attempt to summarize current knowledge on predicting success of ETV. We describe pre-, peri- and postoperative factors and their effect on the success of ETV.

Key words:
endoscopy – hydrocephalus – endoscopic third ventriculostomy – prognosis

The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study.

The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers.


Sources

1. Rekate HL, Nadkarni TD, Wallace D. The importance of the cortical subarachnoid space in understanding hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2008; 2(1): 1– 11. doi: 10.3171/ PED/ 2008/ 2/ 7/ 001.

2. Dlouhy BJ, Capuano AW, Madhavan K, Torner JC, Greenlee JD. Preoperative third ventricular bowing as a predictor of endoscopic third ventriculostomy suc­cess. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2012; 9(2): 182– 190. doi: 10.3171/ 2011.11.PEDS11495.

3. Hailong F, Guangfu H, Haibin T, Hong P, Yong C, Weidong L et al. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the management of communicating hydrocephalus: a preliminary study. J Neurosurg 2008; 109(5): 923– 930. doi: 10.3171/ JNS/ 2008/ 109/ 11/ 0923.

4. Rangel‑ Castilla L, Barber S, Zhang YJ. The role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of com­municating hydrocephalus. World Neurosurg 2012; 77(3– 4): 555– 560. doi: 10.1016/ j.wneu.2011.06.038.

5. Cinalli G, Sainte‑ Rose C, Chumas P, Zerah M, Brunelle F, Lot G et al. Failure of third ventriculostomy in the treatment of aqueductal stenosis in children. J Neurosurg 1999; 90(3): 448– 454.

6. Faggin R, Calderone M, Denaro L, Meneghini L, d‘Avella D. Long‑term operative failure of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in pediatric patients: the role of cine phase‑ contrast MR imaging. Neurosurg Focus 2011; 30(4): E1. doi: 10.3171/ 2011.1.FOCUS10303.

7. Santamarta D, Díaz Alvarez A, Gonçalves JM, Hernández J. Outcome of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Results from an unselected series with noncommunicat­ing hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2005; 147(4): 377– 382.

8. Lipina R, Palecek T, Reguli S, Kovarova M. Death in consequence of late failure of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Childs Nerv Syst 200; 23(7): 815– 819.

9. Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Kestle JR, Mallucci CL, Sgouros S, Constantini S. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy vs cerebrospinal fluid shunt in the treatment of hydrocephalus in children: a propensity score‑adjusted analysis. Neurosurgery 2010; 67(3): 588– 593. doi: 10.1227/ 01.NEU.0000373199.79462.21.

10. Bauer BL. Historical Trends of Neuroendoscopic Surgery. In: Sgouros S (ed.). Neuroendoscopy, current status and future trends. Springer 2014: 1– 10.

11. Cinalli G. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy. In: Ci­nalli G, Maixner WJ, Sainte‑ Rose C (eds). Pediatric Hydrocephalus. Springer 2004: 361– 388.

12. Dandy WE. Dia­gnosis and treatment of strictures of the aqueduct of Sylvius (causing hydrocephaus). Arch Surg 1945; 51: 1– 14.

13. Vybíhal V. Chirurgická léčba hydrocefalu. Cesk Slov Neurol N 2014; 77/ 110(1): 7– 22.

14. Stivaros SM, Sinclair D, Bromiley PA, Kim J, Thorne J, Jackson A. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy: predicting outcome with phase‑ contrast MR imaging. Radiology 2009; 252(3): 825– 832. doi: 10.1148/ radiol.2523081398.

15. Di Rocco C, Frassanito P, Massimi L, Tamburrini G. Prediction of outcome of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. World Neurosurg 2013; 80(5): 509– 511. doi: 10.1016/ j.wneu.2013.02.037.

16. Kehler U, Gliemroth J. Extraventricular intracisternal obstructive hydrocephalus. A hypothesis to explain suc­cessful 3rd ventriculostomy in communicating hydrocephalus. Pediatric Neurosurg 2003; 38(2): 98– 101.

17. Kehler U, Regelsberger J, Gliemroth J, Westphal M. Outcome prediction of third ventriculostomy: a proposed hydrocephalus grading system. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2006; 49(4): 238– 243.

18. Foroughi M, Wong A, Steinbok P, Singhal A, Sargent MA, Cochrane DD. Third ventricular shape: a predictor of endoscopic third ventriculostomy success in pediatric patients.Clinical article. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011; 7(4): 389– 396. doi: 10.3171/ 2011.1.PEDS10461.

19. Dlouhy BJ, Capuano AW, Madhavan K, Torner JC, Greenlee JD. Preoperative third ventricular bowing as a predictor of endoscopic third ventriculostomy suc­cess. J Neurosurg Pediat 2012; 9(2): 182– 190. doi: 10.3171/ 2011.11.PEDS11495.

20. Vogel TW, Bahuleyan B, Robinson S, Cohen AR. The role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2013; 12(1): 54– 61. doi: 10.3171/ 2013.4.PEDS12481.

21. Souweidane MM, Morgenstern PF, Kang S, Tsiouris AJ,Roth J. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in patients with a diminished prepontine interval. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2010; 5(3): 250– 254. doi: 10.3171/ 2009.10.PEDS09187.

22. Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Mallucci CL, Sgouros S, Roth J, Constantini S. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of childhood hydrocephalus. J Pediatr 2009; 155(2): 254– 259. doi: 10.1016/ j.jpeds.2009.02.048.

23. Kulkarni AV, Riva‑ Cambrin J, Browd SR. Use of the ETV Success Score to explain the variation in reported endoscopic third ventriculostomy success rates among pub­lished case series of childhood hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011; 7(2): 143– 146. doi: 10.3171/ 2010.11.PEDS10296.

24. Furlanetti LL, Santos MV, de Oliveira RS. The success of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children: analysis of prognostic factors. Pediatr Neurosurg 2012; 48(6): 352– 359. doi: 10.1159/ 000353619.

25. Naftel RP, Reed GT, Kulkarni AV, Wellons JC. Evaluat­ing the Children‘s Hospital of Alabama endoscopic third ventriculostomy experience using the Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Success Score: an external validation study. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011; 8(5): 494– 501. doi: 10.3171/ 2011.8.PEDS1145.

26. Mugamba J, Stagno V. Indication for endoscopic third ventriculostomy. World Neurosurg 2013; 79 (Suppl 2): S20.e19– S20.e23. doi: 10.1016/ j.wneu.2012.02.016.

27. Salvador SF, Oliveira J, Pereira J, Barros H, Vaz R. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the management of hydrocephalus: outcome analysis of 168 consecutive procedures. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 126: 130– 136. doi: 10.1016/ j.clineuro.2014.08.037.

28. Wong TT, Liang ML, Chen HH, Chang FC. Hydrocephalus with brain tumors in children. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27(10): 1723– 1734. doi: 10.1007/ s00381- 011- 1523- 9.

29. Cinalli G, Spennato P. Controversies in the endoscopic management of the various forms of hydrocephalus. In: Sgouros S (ed.). Neuroendoscopy, current status and future trends. Springer 2014: 47– 56.

30. Siomin V, Cinalli G, Grotenhuis A, Golash A, Oi S, Kothbauer K et al. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in patients with cerebrospinal fluid infection and/ or hemor­rhage. J Neurosurg 2002; 97(3): 519– 524.

31. Raouf A, Zidan I, Mohamed E. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for post‑inflammatory hydrocephalus in pediatric patients: is it worth a try? Neurosurg Rev 2015; 38(1): 149– 155. doi: 10.1007/ s10143- 014- 0582- 2.

32. Warf BC. Hydrocephalus in Uganda: the predominance of infectious origin and primary management with endoscopic third ventriculostomy. J Neurosurg 2005; 102 (Suppl 1): 1– 15.

33. Constantini S, Sgouros S, Kulkarni AV. Neuroendoscopy in infants and the international infant hydrocephalus study (IIHS). In: Sgouros S (ed.). Neuroendoscopy, current status and future trends. Springer 2014: 31– 46.

34. Lipina R, Reguli S, Dolezilová V, Kuncíková M, Podesvová H. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus in children younger than 6 months of age: is it a first‑ choice method? Childs Nerv Syst 2008; 24(9): 1021– 1027. doi: 10.1007/ s00381- 008- 0616- 6.

35. Wagner W, Koch D. Mechanisms of failure after endoscopic third ventriculostomy in young infants. J Neurosurg 2005; 103 (Suppl 1): 43– 49.

36. O‘Brien DF, Javadpour M, Collins DR, Spennato P, Mallucci CL. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy: an outcome analysis of primary cases and procedures performed after ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction. J Neurosurg 2005; 103 (Suppl 5): 393– 400.

37. Lipina R, Hrbac T, Chlachula M, Krejci T, Kunčikova M. Endoskopická ventrikulocisternostomie u děti s předchozí implantací ventrikuloperitoneální drenáže. Cesk Slov Neurol N 2013; 76/ 109(2): 207– 210.

38. Johanson CE, Duncan JA 3rd, Klinge PM, Brinker T, Stopa EG, Silverberg GD. Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: New challenges in health and dis­ease. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 2008; 5: 10. doi: 10.1186/ 1743- 8454- 5- 10.

39. Sosvorova L, Bestak J, Bicikova M, Mohapl M, Hill M, Kubatova J et al. Determination of homocysteine in cerebrospinal fluid as an indicator for surgery treatment in patients with hydrocefalus. Physiol Res 2014; 63(4): 521– 527.

40. Jeppsson A, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Wikkelsø C. Idiopathic normal‑ pressure hydrocephalus: pathophysiology and dia­gnosis by CSF bio­markers. Neurology 2013; 80(15): 1385– 1392. doi: 10.1212/ WNL.0b013e31828c2fda.

41. Lipina R, Reguli S, Novackova L, Podesvova H, Brichtova E. Relation between TGF‑beta 1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid and ETV outcome in premature newborns with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 2010; 26(3): 333– 341. doi: 10.1007/ s00381- 009- 1011- 7.

42. Greenfield JP, Hoffman C, Kuo E, Christos PJ, Souweidane MM. Intraoperative assessment of endoscopic third ventriculostomy success. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2008; 2(5): 298– 303. doi: 10.3171/ PED.2008.2.11.298.

43. Zohdi A, Ibrahim I. Variations in the site and size of third ventriculocisternostomy. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 1998; 41(4): 194– 197.

44. Romero L, Ros B, Ibáñez G, Ríus F, González L, Arráez M.Endoscopic third ventriculostomy: can we predict suc­cess during surgery? Neurosurg Rev 2014; 37(1): 89– 97. doi: 10.1007/ s10143- 013- 0494- 6.

45. Kombogiorgas D, Sgouros S. Assessment of the influence of operative factors in the success of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children. Childs Nerv Syst 2006; 22(10): 1256– 1262.

46. Warf BC, Tracy S, Mugamba J. Long‑term outcome for endoscopic third ventriculostomy alone or in combination with choroid plexus cauterization for congenital aqueductal stenosis in African infants. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2012; 10(2): 108– 111. doi: 10.3171/ 2012.4.PEDS1253.

47. Warf BC. Congenital idiopathic hydrocephalus of infancy: the results of treatment by endoscopic third ventriculostomy with or without choroid plexus cauterization and suggestions for how it works. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29(6): 935– 940. doi: 10.1007/ s00381- 013- 2072- 1.

48. Kamel MH, Kelleher M, Aquilina K, Lim C, Caird J, Kaar G. Use of a simple intraoperative hydrostatic pres­sure test to assess the relationship between mobility of the ventricular stoma and success of third ventriculostomy. J Neurosurg 2005; 103(5): 848– 852.

49. Tabakow P, Czyz M, Szewczyk P, Weiser A, Jarmundowicz W. Usefulness of intraoperative magnetic resonance ventriculography during endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Neurosurgery 2013; 73(4): 730– 738. doi: 10.1227/ NEU.0000000000000063.

50. Kulkarni AV, Hui S, Shams I, Donnelly R. Quality of life in obstructive hydrocephalus: endoscopic third ventriculostomy compared to cerebrospinal fluid shunt. Childs Nerv Syst 2010; 26: 75– 79. doi: 10.1007/ s00381- 009- 0983- 7.

51. Roytowski D, Semple P, Padayachy L, Carara H. Intracranial pressure monitoring as an early predictor of third ventriculostomy outcome. World Neurosurg 2013; 80(5): 605– 611. doi: 10.1016/ j.wneu.2013.01.129.

52. Cinalli G, Spennato P, Ruggiero C, Aliberti F, Zerah M, Trischitta V et al. Intracranial pressure monitoring and lumbar puncture after endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children. Neurosurgery 2006; 58(1): 126– 136.

53. Ozisik P, Roth J, Beni‑ Adani L, Constantini S. Continuous spinal drain following endoscopic third ventriculostomy: a proposal to change the definition of failure. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27(11): 1973– 1978. doi: 10.1007/ s00381- 011- 1562- 2.

54. Radovnický T, Vachata P, Sameš M. Telemetrický monitoring intrakraniálního tlaku v dia­gnostice hydrocefalu a nitrolební hypertenze. Cesk Slov Neurol N 2013; 76/ 109(6): 723– 727.

55. Magnaes B. Hydromechanical testing in non‑communicating hydrocephalus to select patients for microsurgical third ventriculostomy. Br J Neurosurg 1989; 3(4): 443– 450.

56. Tisell M, Edsbagge M, Stephensen H, Czosnyka M, Wikkelsø C. Elastance correlates with outcome after endoscopic third ventriculostomy in adults with hydrocephalus caused by primary aqueductal stenosis. Neurosurgery 2002; 50(1): 70– 77.

57. Vajda Z, Büki A, Vetö F, Horváth Z, Sándor J, Dóczi T. Transcranial Doppler‑ determined pulsatility index in the evaluation of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (preliminary data). Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1999; 141(3): 247– 250.

58. Di Rocco F, Grevent D, Drake JM, Boddaert N, Puget S, Roujeau T et al. Changes in intracranial CSF distribution after ETV. Childs Nerv Syst 2012; 28(7): 997– 1002. doi: 10.1007/ s00381- 012- 1752- 6.

59. Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Armstrong DC, Dirks PB. Imag­ing correlates of successful endoscopic third ventriculostomy. J Neurosurg 2000; 92(6): 915– 919.

60. Schwartz TH, Ho B, Prestigiacomo CJ. Ventricular volume following third ventriculostomy. J Neurosurg 1999; 91(1): 20– 25.

61. Schwartz TH, Yoon SS, Cutruzzola FW, Goodman RR. Third ventriculostomy: post‑operative ventricular size and outcome. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 1996; 39(4): 122– 129.

62. Bargallo N, Olondo L, Garcia AI, Capurro S, Caral L, Rumia J. Functional analysis of third ventriculostomy patency by quantification of CSF stroke volume by using cine phase‑ contrast MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26(10): 2514– 2521.

63. Lev S, Bhadelia RA, Estin D, Heilman CB, Wolpert SM. Functional analysis of third ventriculostomy patency with phase‑ contrast MRI velocity measurements. Neuroradiology 1997; 39(3): 175– 179.

64. O’Hayon BB, Drake JM, Ossip MG, Tuli S, Clarke M. Frontal and occipital horn ratio: a linear estimate of ventricular size for multiple imaging modalities in pediatric hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 1999; 29(5): 245– 249.

65. Pindrik J, Jallo GI, Ahn ES. Changes in third ventricular size in pediatric patients undergoing endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29(11): 2027– 2034.

66. Buxton N, Turner B, Ramli N, Vloeberghs M. Changes in third ventricular size with neuroendoscopic third ventriculostomy: a blinded study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72(3): 385– 387.

67. Bouras T, Sgouros S. Complications of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011; 7(6): 643– 649. doi: 10.3171/ 2011.4.PEDS10503.

Labels
Paediatric neurology Neurosurgery Neurology

Article was published in

Czech and Slovak Neurology and Neurosurgery

Issue 4

2015 Issue 4

Most read in this issue
Login
Forgotten password

Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.

Login

Don‘t have an account?  Create new account